Maternal death is the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, not regarding how long the pregnancy lasted or the part of the mother's body the baby was growing in (could be ectopic pregnancy) , from any disease that was caused or made worse by the pregnancy or its management, but not from accidents or other causes of death.
According to the World Health Organization "Maternal mortality is unacceptably high. About 830 women die from pregnancy- or childbirth-related complications around the world every day. By the end of 2015, roughly 303 000 women will have died during and following pregnancy and childbirth. Almost all of these deaths occurred in low-resource settings, and most could have been prevented
The most common causes are postpartum bleeding (bleeding after delivery)-15%, complications from unsafe abortion (15%), hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (10%), postpartum infections (8%), and obstructed labour (6%). Other causes include blood clots (3%) and pre-existing conditions (28%). Indirect causes are malaria, anaemia, HIV/AIDS, and cardiovascular disease, all of which may complicate pregnancy or be aggravated by it.
Young mothers face higher risks of complications and death during pregnancy than older mothers, especially adolescents aged 15 years or younger. Adolescents have higher risks for postpartum hemorrhage, puerperal endometritis, operative vaginal delivery, episiotomy, low birth weight, preterm delivery, and small-for-gestational-age infants, all of which can lead to maternal death. Structural support and family support influences maternal outcomes. Furthermore, social disadvantage and social isolation adversely affects maternal health which can lead to increases in maternal death. Additionally, lack of access to skilled medical care during childbirth, the travel distance to the nearest clinic to receive proper care, number of prior births, barriers to accessing prenatal medical care and poor infrastructure all increase maternal deaths.
The world mortality rate has declined 45% since 1990, but still 800 women die every day from pregnancy or childbirth related causes. According to the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) this is equivalent to “about one woman every two minutes and for every woman who dies, 20 or 30 encounter complications with serious or long-lasting consequences. Most of these deaths and injuries are entirely preventable.”
World-wide mortality rates have been decreasing in modern age. High rates still exist, particularly in impoverished communities with over 85% living in Africa and Southern Asia. The effect of a mother’s death results in vulnerable families and their infants, if they survive childbirth, are more likely to die before reaching their second birthday.
At a country level, India (19% or 56,000) and Nigeria (14% or 40,000) accounted for roughly one third of the maternal deaths in 2010. Democratic Republic of the Congo, Pakistan, Sudan, Indonesia, Ethiopia, United Republic of Tanzania, Bangladesh and Afghanistan comprised between 3 to 5 percent of maternal deaths each. These ten countries combined accounted for 60% of all the maternal deaths in 2010 according to the United Nations Population Fund report. Countries with the lowest maternal deaths were Estonia, Greece and Singapore.
Four elements are essential to maternal death prevention, according to UNFPA. First, prenatal care. It is recommended that expectant mothers receive at least four antenatal visits to check and monitor the health of mother and fetus. Second, skilled birth attendance with emergency backup such as doctors, nurces and midwives who have the skills to manage normal deliveries and recognize the onset of complications. Third, emergency obstetric care to address the major causes of maternal death which are hemorrhage, sepsis, unsafe abortion, hypertensive disorders and obstructed labour. Lastly, postnatal care which is the six weeks following delivery. During this time bleeding, sepsis and hypertensive disorders can occur and newborns are extremely vulnerable in the immediate aftermath of birth. Therefore, follow-up visits by a health worker to assess the health of both mother and child in the postnatal period is strongly recommended.
Recommendations for reducing maternal mortality include access to health care, access to family planning services, and emergency obstetric care, funding and intrapartum care. Reduction in unnecessary obstetric surgery has also been suggested. Family planning approaches include avoiding pregnancy at too young of an age or too old of an age and spacing births. Access to primary care for women even before they become pregnant is essential along with access to contraceptives.
Notable women in history who died due to childbirth.
The story of Mumtaz Mahal (1631), wife of mugal emperor Shah Jahan, is a story of undying love. Her memorial is the Taj Mahal
Austria
Joanna of Austria (1578), Grand Duchess of Tuscany
Anna of Austria, Queen of Spain (1580)
Margaret of Austria (1611), Queen of Spain and Portugal
Maria Anna of Spain (1646), the youngest daughter of King Philip III of Spain and Margaret of Austria
Maria Leopoldine of Austria (1649), Holy Roman Empress and Queen of Hungary and Bohemia
Maria Anna of Austria (1744)
Elisabeth of Württemberg (1790) Archduchess of Austria
Bohemia
Judith of Habsburg (1297), Queen of Bohemia
Margaret of Bohemia (1322), a daughter of Wenceslaus II of Bohemia and Judith of Habsburg.
Agnes of Bohemia, Duchess of Jawor (1337)
Kunigunde of Sternberg (1449), days after she delivered twins, Catherine of Poděbrady and Sidonie
Bulgaria
Byzantine empire
Aelia Eudoxia (404), Empress consort of the Byzantine Emperor Arcadius
Tzitzak (750), first wife of Byzantine Emperor Constantine V
Eudokia Baïana (901), third wife of Leo VI the Wise.
China
Czech
Denmark
Dagmar of Bohemia (1213), queen consort of King Valdemar II of Denmark.
Eleanor of Portugal, Queen of Denmark (1231)
Elisabeth Helene von Vieregg (1704), the spouse of the king
Louise of Great Britain (1751), Queen of Denmark and Norway as first wife of Frederick V. She was the youngest surviving daughter of George II of Great Britain and Caroline of Ansbach.
Princess Louise of Denmark (1756)
Egypt
Henhenet (2015 BC), a lower ranking wife of Pharaoh Mentuhotep II of the 11th dynasty.
Mutnedjmet (13th century BC), wife of Pharaoh Horemheb
France
Princess Anne Therese of Savoy (1745), daughter of the Prince and Princess of Carignan, wife of Charles de Rohan;
Infanta Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain, Dauphine of France (1746), first wife of Louis, Dauphin of France (1729–1765) and daughter in law of Louis XV of France
Émilie du Châtelet (1749), mathematician, physicist, and author.
Princess Maria Teresa Felicitas of Modena, duchesse de Penthièvre (1754) and maternal grandmother of Louis-Philippe I
Jacqueline Marguerite Carrault (1764), mother of Maximilien Robespierre
Eva Gonzales (1883), Impressionist painter.
Germany
Paula Modersohn-Becker (1907), artist
Grete Planck (1917), daughter of Max Planck
Emma Planck (1919), daughter of Max Planck, twin of Grete Planck who also died in childbirth
Greece
Nysa (wife of Pharnaces I of Pontus) (160 BC)
Agnes of Montferrat (1208), first Empress consort of Henry of Flanders
Maria Katelouzou Venizelou (1894), wife of Eleftherios Venizelos, giving birth to Sophoklis Venizelos[1]
Hungary
India
Mumtaz Mahal (1631), wife of mugal emperor Shah Jahan. Her memorial is the Taj Mahal
Gowri Lakshmi Bayi (1815), Maharani of Travancore
Maharani Lakshmi Bayi of Travancore (1857), mother of Moolam Thirunal Rama Varma, Maharajah of Travancore
Smita Patil (1986), an Indian actress and wife of Raj Babbar
Rajalakshmi (2013) wife of Lakshmi Narasimhan in Tamilnadu(Madurai)
Indonesia
Italy
Julia Cornelia (104 BC), daughter of consul Lucius Julius Caesar II
Caecilia Metella Balearica (89 BC), second daughter of Quintus Caecilius Metellus Balearicus
Aemilia Scaura (82 BC) was the daughter of the patrician Roman Marcus Aemilius Scaurus
Julia (54 BC), daughter of Julius Caesar
Galla (394), wife of Theodosius I.
Yolande Palaiologina (1342), daughter of Theodore I, Marquess of Montferrat
Beatrice d'Este (1497), wife of Lodovico Sforza.
Lucrezia Borgia (1519), daughter of Pope Alexander VI,
Marietta Robusti (1590), 16th-century artist and daughter of the artist Jacopo Tintoretto
Catherine Michelle of Spain (1597), daughter of Philip II of Spain and Elisabeth of Valois
Isabella of Savoy (1626), a daughter of Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy
Maria Caterina Farnese (1646) first wife of Francesco I d'Este, Duke of Modena
Vittoria Farnese (1649), daughter of Ranuccio I Farnese, niece of Pope Clement VIII
Princess Margaret Yolande of Savoy (1663), Duchess of Parma
Isabella d'Este, (1666) second wife of Ranuccio II Farnese, Duke of Parma
Princess Charlotte Felicity of Brunswick (1710), died in Modena, wife of Rinaldo d'Este, Duke of Modena
Anne Christine of Sulzbach (1723)
Princess Luisa of Naples and Sicily (1802), died in Vienna; wife of Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany
Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily (1807), the eldest daughter of Ferdinand IV & III of Naples and Sicily
Maria Cristina of Savoy (1836), the first Queen consort of Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies.
Charlotte Napoléone Bonaparte (1839), daughter of Joseph Bonaparte, the older brother of Emperor Napoleon I
Gianna Beretta Molla (1962), pediatrician who was canonized by Pope John Paul II in 2004.
Japan
Mexico
Montenegro
The Netherlands
Anna Maria de Bruyn (1744), ballet dancer and stage actor
Suzanna Sablairolles (1867), stage actor
C.C. van Asch van Wijck (1900–1932), sculptor
Norway
Christina of Norway (1213), Princess of Norway
Margaret of Scotland (Queen of Norway) (1283), after giving birth to Margaret, Maid of Norway
Persia
Poland
Agnes of Silesia-Liegnitz (1265), after caesarean section
Jadwiga of Poland (1399), monarch of Poland
Barbara Zápolya (1515), queen of Poland
Emilia Wojtyła (1929), mother of Pope John Paul II.
Portugal
Berengaria of Portugal (1221), Queen consort of Denmark
Isabella of Asturias (1498), married Afonso of Portugal and Manuel I of Portugal
Maria of Aragon, Queen of Portugal (1517)
Beatrice of Portugal, Duchess of Savoy (1538)
Maria Manuela of Portugal (1545), daughter of King John III of Portugal and his wife Catherine of Austria.
Maria Isabel of Portugal (1818), Queen of Spain as the second wife of Ferdinand VII of Spain.
Queen Maria II of Portugal (1853)
Russia
Agafya Grushetskaya (1681), the first wife of Tsar Feodor III of Russia
Charlotte Christine of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1715), consort of Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich of Russia
Grand Duchess Anna Petrovna of Russia (1728), daughter of Catherine I of Russia and mother of Peter III of Russia
Grand Duchess Anna Leopoldovna of Russia (1746), regent of Russia and mother of Ivan VI of Russia
Grand Duchess Natalia Alexeievna of Russia (1776) first daughter in law of Catherine II of Russia the child was stillborn
Grand Duchess Alexandra Pavlovna of Russia (1801), daughter of Tsar Paul I of Russia and archduchess of Austria as consort of Archduke Joseph, Palatine of Hungary
Praskovia Kovalyova-Zhemchugova (1803), opera singer and actress
Grand Duchess Alexandra Nikolaevna of Russia (1844) was the youngest daughter of Tsar Nicholas I, Emperor of Russia, and his wife, Princess Charlotte of Prussia
Grand Duchess Elizabeth Mikhailovna of Russia (1845) daughter of Grand Duke Mikhail Pavlovich of Russia and Princess Charlotte of Württemberg
Daria Konstantinowa Opotschinina (1870) was the granddaughter of Mikhail Kutuzov and countess of Beauharnais
Alexandra Georgievna of Greece and Denmark, (1891) consort of Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich of Russia
Spain
Urraca of León and Castile (1126), Queen regnant of León, Castile, and Galicia
Blanche of Navarre (1156), wife of the future King Sancho III of Castile
Zaida of Seville (c.1171), a mistress of Alfonso VI of Castile
Teresa d'Entença (1327), Queen consort of Aragon by her marriage to King Alfonso IV of Aragon
Elisabeth of Valois (1568), third wife of Philip II of Spain
Margarita Teresa of Spain (1673)
Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain (1746), wife of Louis Ferdinand, Dauphin of France
Mercedes, Princess of Asturias (1904)
Sweden
Benedicta Ebbesdotter of Hvide (1200), queen consort of King Sverker II of Sweden.
Ingeborg Eriksdotter of Sweden (1254), princess and the mother of the king
Christiana Oxenstierna (1701), noble
Hedvig Taube (1744), royal mistress, salonist
Carin du Rietz (1788), adventurer
Anna Charlotta Schröderhiem (1791), salonist and socialite
Emilie Hammarskjöld (1854), composer, musician, member of the Royal Swedish academy of Music
Emilia Uggla (1855), pianist
Great Britain and Ireland
Isabel Marshal (1240), an English countess; a great grandparent of Robert the Bruce of Scotland.
Isabella of England (1241), was an English princess and, by marriage, Holy Roman Empress, German Queen, and Queen consort of Sicily.
Eleanor de Braose (1251), a Cambro-Norman noblewoman.
Eleanor de Montfort (1282), Princess of Wales and Lady of Snowdon
Isabella of Mar (1296), first wife of Robert I of Scotland, after delivering Marjorie Bruce, who also died in childbirth
Marjorie Bruce (1316), after delivering the future Robert II of Scotland
Elizabeth of Rhuddlan (1316), daughter of King Edward I and Eleanor of Castile.
Mary de Bohun (1394), first wife of Henry IV of England and mother of Henry V
Anne de Mortimer (1411), Countess of Cambridge, died giving birth to Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York
Anne of York, Duchess of Exeter (1476)
Elizabeth of York (1503), queen of Henry VII of England and mother of Henry VIII
Jane Seymour (1537), third wife of Henry VIII of England, after delivering Edward VI
Catherine Parr (1548), sixth wife of Henry VIII of England
Jane Browne, Viscountess Montague (1552), a noblewoman.
Elizabeth Cecil, 16th Baroness de Ros (1591) daughter and heir of Edward Manners, 3rd Earl of Rutland
Margaret Butler (1632), daughter of Thomas Butler, 2nd Baron Cahir and wife of Edmond Butler, 3rd/13th Baron Dunboyne.
Mary Digby (1648), daughter of John Digby, 1st Earl of Bristol and 2nd wife of Arthur Chichester, 1st Earl of Donegall (1606–1674) to whom she bore six sons and one daughter. Died giving birth to a second daughter (stillborn). She was buried in Eggesford Church, Devon, where is situated her memorial effigy.
Lady Mary Butler (1713), second daughter of the 2nd Duke of Ormonde
Maria, Lady Walpole (1738), second wife of Prime Minister Robert Walpole
Mary Wollstonecraft (1797), author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, after delivering Mary Shelley
Hester Anne Children (1800), from delivering Anna Atkins an English botanist and photographer.
Mary Hamilton (c 1800), wife of William Allen (Quaker), after delivering Mary Allen who also died in childbirth.
Ann Griffiths (née Thomas) (1805), a Welsh poet and writer of Methodist Christian hymns.
Princess Charlotte Augusta of Wales (1817), only legitimate child of the future King George IV of the United Kingdom. The obstetrician later committed suicide.
Mary Allen (1823), the daughter of William Allen (Quaker) and Mary Hamilton who had died giving birth to her.
Ellen Turner of Pott Shrigley (1831), a wealthy heiress who had previously been kidnapped by Edward Gibbon Wakefield and forced to marry him.
Sophia Sidney, Baroness De L'Isle and Dudley (1837), eldest daughter of William IV and his longtime mistress Dorothea Jordan.
Joanna Mary Boyce (1861), a painter.
Harriet Kenrick (1863), the mother of Austen Chamberlain, statesman and recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize
Isabella Beeton (1865), author of Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management
Mary Shield Bell (1871), the mother of Gertrude Bell, traveller and diplomat
Florence Kenrick (1875), mother of Neville Chamberlain, prime minister
the mother of Michael Dillon (1915), an early female-to-male transsexual
Olivia Burges (1930), secretary to the Girl Guides and Girl Scouts first World Camp.
Pauline Gower (1947), married name Pauline Fahie, a pilot who headed the female branch of the Air Transport Auxiliary during the Second World War. Died giving birth to twin sons
Savita Halappanavar (2012), her death caused widespread outrage after doctors refused to terminate her 17-week-long pregnancy, and ignited protests and debate on Irish abortion laws.
United States
Mary Forth (1615), wife of John Winthrop
Thomasine Clopton (1616), wife of John Winthrop
Mary (Norris) Allerton (1621), a Mayflower passenger
Kalanipauahi (1826), Hawaiian queen consort/princess and a member of the House of Kamehameha
Sarah Lincoln Grigsby (1828), sister of president Abraham Lincoln
Minnie Warren (1878), an entertainer
Mary Nowak (1883), mother of Leon Frank Czolgosz (1873 –1901), the assassin of U.S. President William McKinley
Alice Hathaway Lee Roosevelt (1884), first wife of Theodore Roosevelt
Margery Latimer (1932), writer and first wife of Jean Toomer
Edith Roberts, actress, vaudevillian (1935)
Marjorie Oelrichs (1937), socialite
Cecilia Mettler (1943), medical historian
Martina von Trapp (1951), was a member of the Trapp Family Singers
Nadine Shamir (2004), singer/songwriter
Yemen
Prevention of maternal death especially in the tropics is largely dependent on adequate antenatal and the presence of skilled birth attendant (doctors, nurses and midwifes) during delivery.
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